Paul I Petrovich ROMANOV, EMPEROR OF RUSSIA

                   	2  GIVN Aleksandr I "The Kind" Emperor of all
	2  SURN RUSSIA


Individual:
Tsar 1801-1825
ALEXANDER I (1777-1825) was czar of Russia from 1801 to 1825. He became known for his stubbo rn struggle with Emperor Napoleon I of France. Russia finally defeated Napoleon after France invaded Russia in 1812. Alexander was influential at the Congress of Vienna, which in 1815 approved Russian territorial gains in Poland, Finland, and Bessarabia. The same year, he led the formation of the Holy Alliance (see HOLY ALLIANCE).
Alexander was kind and well-intentioned. At the beginning of his reign, he considered freein g Russia's serfs, introducing a constitution, and limiting the czars' powers. But Alexander was also weak, and nothing came of these projects. Disappointed liberal army officers tried unsuccessfully to overthrow the government soon after Alexander died.
                  

                   Tsar 1825-1855
Stammtafeln says died 18 Feb 1855, married 1 Jul 1817, born 6 Jul 1796.
NICHOLAS I (1796-1855) was czar of Russia from 1825 to 1855. He was a hard-working leader whose conservatism kept him from moving Russia into the modern world.
Nicholas succeeded his brother Alexander I after Alexander's death in December 1825. At tha t time, a group of liberal army officers, who later became known as Decembrists, tried to take power. Nicholas, shocked by the rebellion, had five of the leaders executed and the others exiled to Siberia. He was determined to fight liberalism in Russia and revolution in Europe. In 1830-1831, he suppressed a Polish uprising that was aimed at freeing Poland from the Russian empire. In 1849, he sent Russian armies into Hungary to crush a revolt for Hungarian independence from Austria.
Within the Russian empire, Nicholas demanded loyalty to himself and to the Russian Orthodox C hurch. Censorship was severe during his reign. However, Russian literature, art, and music continued to thrive. Some reforms did occur under Nicholas. With his approval, Russia's first modern law code was issued in the 1830's. Nicholas also authorized improvements in the living conditions of certain peasants.
In 1828-1829, Nicholas won territory for Russia and helped win independence for Greece in a war with the Muslim Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was centered in what is now Turkey. In 1853, Nicholas again went to war with the Ottomans. Fearful of Russian expansion, Britain and France helped the Ottomans in what became the Crimean War. Nicholas died during the war, which Russia later lost.